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Probability Poker Texas Holdem Average ratng: 5,5/10 2346 votes

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Is poker a game of skill or chance? This question has been discussed and
argued in many places and is the center of the arguments for and against
legalizing Texas holdem and other forms of poker in many places, including
online.

The answer to this question boils down to the mathematics behind the game. If
the math shows one player can win more often than another based on the
mathematical and statistical truths about Texas holdem then the game is one of
skill.

Let’s look at a few facts before moving on.

  • Fact 1

    Texas holdem is played with a deck of 52 playing cards, consisting of
    the same four suits, and 13 ranks in every deck. You know each deck has an
    ace of spades, and ace of hearts, an ace of clubs, and an ace of diamonds.
    The same is true for kings, queens, and all of the ranks down through twos.

  • Fact 2

    Over a long period of time each player will play from each position at
    the table an equal number of times. In other words, each player will play in
    the small blind, the big blind, under the gun, on the button, etc. an equal
    number of times as other players. If you take two individual players it
    might not be 100% the same, but it’ll be close. When you take thousands of
    players and average their times played in each position mathematically they
    each play the different positions an equal number of times.

  • Fact 3

    The rules in each game are the same for every player at the table.

  • Fact 4

    The player that starts the hand with a better two card starting hand
    wins the hand more often than the player with a worse hand. This has been
    proven by computer simulations that run millions of hands and consider every
    possible outcome.

Why Is This Important?

The reason all of this is important to Texas holdem players is that you can
use all of this math to help you win.

Though there are thousands of possibilities on every hand of Texas holdem,
you can use the fact that everything is based on a set of 52 cards to predict
outcomes and possibilities at every stage for every hand.

Here’s an Example

If you start the hand with two aces as your hole cards, you know that the
remaining 50 cards in the deck only have two aces. The remaining 48 cards
consist of four of each rank below the aces. At the beginning of the hand you
don’t know where any of the other cards are located, but as the hand progresses
you learn where some of them are located.

Continuing with the example, if the flop has an ace and two fours, you hold a
full house. You also know the only hand at this time that can beat you is four
fours. Because two fours are on the flop, the number of times a single opponent
has the other two fours is 1 in 1,326 hands. This is such a small percentage of
the time that you always play the full house in this example as if it’s the best
hand.

How do we know the number of times the opponent has the other two fours?

Because two fours are on the flop, let’s say the four of hearts and the four
of diamonds, so you know that your opponent has to have the four of clubs and
the four of spades. The chances of the first card in their hand being one of
these two cards are two out of 52. If they get one of them as the first card
that leaves the single other card they need out of 51 unseen cards, or one out
of 51.

You multiply two over 52 times one over 51 and this gives us the 1 out of
1,326 hands.

Basic Texas Holdem Math

Some of the math we discuss on this page can be complicated and the truth is
some players won’t be able to use it all. But that doesn’t mean they can’t be
winning Texas holdem players. The math covered in this section forms the
building blocks for the advanced math covered lower on the page.

Every Texas holdem player can use the basic math included in this section,
and if you aren’t using it yet you need to start right away.

Starting Hands

At the most basic level of Texas holdem everything starts with your starting
hand. As we mentioned above, mathematically the player who stars the hand with
the better starting hand wins more than the player with the inferior hand.

This means the first math lesson you need to learn and start using is to play
better starting hand on average than your opponents. While this can get
complicated, especially in games with many multi way pots, you still need to
learn how to play better starting hands.

If you take nothing else from this page, if you simply tighten up your
starting hand selection it’ll immediately improve your results.

Position

It’s difficult to directly relate position to mathematics, but the main thin
to know is the later your position, the better your chances to play in a
positive expectation situation. We’ll discuss expectation in a later section,
but it’s important to understand that having position on an opponent is a strong
advantage that equates to a mathematical advantage over the long run.

Outs

One of the most important skills Texas holdem players need to develop is the
ability to determine the number of outs, or cards remaining in the deck that can
complete the hand they’re drawing to. You use this information to determine your
chances of winning the hand as well as to determine the pot odds. Pot odds are
discussed in the next section, but they show you whether or not a call is
profitable in the long run when an opponent makes a bet.

We can determine how many outs you have because we know what’s in the deck
and what we need to improve our hand. If you have a king, queen, jack, and 10
after the turn you know any of the four aces or four nines complete your
straight.

This means you have eight outs. You’ve seen six cards, so the deck has 46
cards remaining in it. Don’t make the mistake of thinking about the cards that
have been folded or your opponent holds. You haven’t seen these cards so any
unseen card is still considered a possible river card.

In other words, on average, if you play this situation 46 times you’re going
to complete your straight eight times and not complete it 38 times.

You should always consider how many outs you have in every situation while
playing. B knowing your outs you have another piece of information that can help
you make profitable decisions throughout the hand.

Pot Odds

The next question many players ask after they learn how to determine their
out sis how they can use this information to make more money at the table. This
is where pot odds come into play.

Pot odds are simply a ratio or comparison between the money in the pot and
the chances you have of completing your hand. You use this ratio to determine if
a call or fold is the best play based on the information you currently have.

If you consider the example in the last section concerning the straight draw,
you know that the deck holds eight cards that complete your straight and 38
cards that don’t. This creates a ratio of 38 to 8, which reduces to 4.75 to 1.
You reduce by dividing 38 by 8.

Probability Poker Texas Holdem

The way you use this ratio is by comparing it to the amount of money in the
pot and how much you have to put into the pot. If the pot odds are in your favor
it’s profitable to call and if not you should fold.

Example

Texas Hold Em Poker Chips

If the pot has $100 in it and you have to make a $10 call the pot is offering
10 to 1 odds. You determine this the same way as above, by dividing $100 by $10.

If you’re in the situation described above of drawing to a straight on the
river you can see that a call is correct because the pot is offering 10 to 1 and
you have a 4.75 to 1 chance of winning.

On the other hand of the pot has $100 in it and you have to put $40 in to see
the river the pot is only offering 2.5 to 1 odds and your chances of hitting
your straight are still 4.75 to 1 so you should fold.

Probability Poker Texas Holdem Tournaments

Pot odds can get complicated, especially when you start considering how they
work when you’re determining the correct play with both the turn and river to
come.

Fortunately charts are available to quickly check the odds of hitting your
hand based on how many outs you have. We’ve included one next so all you have to
do is determine your outs and compute the odds the pot is offering. Then compare
the two to see if it’s profitable to call or fold.

Number of OutsTurn & River CombinedRiver Only
122.26 to 145 to 1
210.9 to 122 to 1
37 to 114.33 to 1
45.06 to 110.5 to 1
53.93 to 18.2 to 1
63.15 to 16.67 to 1
72.6 to 15.57 to 1
82.17 to 14.75 to 1
91.86 to 14.11 to 1
101.6 to 13.6 to 1
111.4 to 13.18 to 1
121.22 to 12.83 to 1
131.08 to 12.54 to 1
140.95 to 12.29 to 1
150.85 to 12.07 to 1
160.75 to 11.88 to 1
170.67 to 11.71 to 1
180.6 to 11.56 to 1
190.54 to 11.42 to 1
200.48 to 11.3 to 1

Expand Shrink

When you’re determining your pot odds for the turn and river you determine
them on the turn and then if you don’t hit your draw you determine them again on
the river. This often happens, especially in limit Texas holdem. But if an
opponent moves all in on the turn you simply use the turn and river combined
odds in your decision.

Advanced Texas Holdem Math

Probability Poker Texas Holdem Odds

Many beginning Texas holdem players look at a discussion about expectation
and instantly decide it’s too hard and ignore it. When they do this they
severely hurt their long term chances at being a profitable player.

We’ve broken down how to look at situations while playing poker in a simple
manner that almost any player can use below. Do yourself a favor and go into
this with an open mind. Once you understand it at a simple level you can learn
more as you gain experience. You may be surprised at just how easy it gets to
determine positive and negative expectation with a little practice.

Expectation

Expectation is what the average outcome will be if you play the same
situation hundreds or thousands of times. Once you determine the expectation you
know if a situation offers positive or negative results on average.

Your goal as a Texas holdem player is to play in as many positive expectation
situations as possible and avoid as many negative expectation situations as
possible.

You need to understand that expectation is something that can be applied to
almost any situation in poker, but it’s also subjective in many areas.

  • If you play at a table where every opponent is better than you in the long
    run you’re going to lose money. This is a negative expectation situation.
  • If you play at a table where every opponent is a worse
    player than you it’s a positive expectation situation because you’re going to
    win in the long run.

The problem is determining whether a situation is positive or negative
expectation when you sit down at a table with some players who are better than
you and some who are worse.

You can find many situations where it’s easier to determine expectation
mathematically, and we’ll teach you how to do this now. While this may seem
overly complicated at first, especially to do at the table while playing, you
don’t need to know exactly how negative or positive a situation is, you only
need to know if it’s positive or negative.

Once you determine if a situation is positive expectation or negative
expectation you simply remember the next time you’re in a similar situation.
Once you start determining expectation you’ll find that you learn mist
situations quickly and only have to think through an occasional situation at the
table.

Poker Hand Probability Texas Holdem

The best way to see how to determine expectation is by running through a
couple examples.

Example 1

You’re facing a bet after the turn and you have four to a flush.
The pot had $400 in it and your opponent bet $100. You’re certain that if you
miss your flush draw you’ll lose and when you hit your flush draw you’ll win.

In order to see the river you have to call the $100 bet. When you lose you
lose $100, and when you win you get back $600. You get your $100 back plus the
$400 that was in the pot plus the $100 bet your opponent made.

Many players claim that part of the money already in the pot is theirs, but
once you put money into the pot it isn’t yours. The only way to get it back is
to win the pot. So you can’t consider it in any other way when determining
expectation.

The way to see if it’s positive or negative to call is to determine what will
happen on average if you play the same situation many times. Most players find
it easiest to determine by pretending to play the hand 100 times.

In this example you’re going to hit your flush 9 out of 46 times. This means
19.56% of the time you’re going to win and 80.44% of the time you’re going to
lose. To make this simple we’ll round these numbers off to 20% and 80%.

If you have to put $100 in the pot 100 times your total investment is
$10,000. The 80 times you lose you get nothing back. The 20 times you win you
get $600. 20 times $600 is $12,000. When you take the $12,000 you win and
subtract the $10,000 you lose when you play the situation 100 times, you see
that you win $2,000 overall.

To determine how much you win on average per hand simply divide the $2,000 by
100 to get a positive expectation of $20 per hand. This means that every time
you’re in this situation you’ll win on average $20.

The truth is you may win a little more because we’re ignoring the river.
Because you know you can’t win if you miss your flush, you always need to fold on
the river when you miss your draw. Every once in a while you may be able to
extract a small bet from your opponent on the river when you hit your flush,
increasing your average expectation. Sometimes it’s even correct for your
opponent to call on the river in this situation. See the next example to see
why.

Example 2

Let’s say you’re playing the same hand as above but you have a
straight and your opponent appears to be drawing to a flush. You’re on the
river, the pot has $600 in it, and the board has the third suited card hit on the
river.

If your opponent was drawing to the flush, they completed it and you’re going
to lose the hand. In this situation your opponent bets $20.

In this situation you clearly have to call.

The reason you have to call is because you can’t know for certain your
opponent was drawing to the flush. They may be bluffing or have two pair or any
other number of hands that aren’t as good as your straight.

Let’s look at the math behind this decision.

If you play the situation 100 times your total investment is $20 times 100,
or $2,000.

When you win you get $640, consisting of the original $600 pot, your
opponent’s $20 bet, and your $20 call. If you win three hands you get back
$1,920 for a loss of $80, or 80 cents per hand.

If you win at least four times you’re in a positive expectation situation.
Four wins nets $2,560 for an overall win of $560, or $5.60 per hand.

What this means is if your opponent is bluffing or has a weaker hand just
four times out of 100 or more, calling is a positive expectation situation. Four
times out of 100 is only 4%. You’ll win at least 4% of the time in this
situation.

The numbers get closer the more your opponent bets on the river, and the
closer the numbers get the more you’re going to need to use what you know about
your opponent to determine if a situation is positive or not.

Start looking at every decision you make at the Texas holdem tables in terms
of positive and negative expectation.It’s hard at first, but the more you
practice the better you’ll get at predicting if a situation offers positive
expectation.

Summary

Texas holdem math is often the only thing that separates winning and losing
players. Take the time to learn the basics now so you can improve your game in
every way possible as you gain experience. This guide is the perfect place to
start for players of every experience level.

Introduction

This page examines the probabilities of each final hand of an arbitrary player, referred to as player two, given the poker value of the hand of the other player, referred to as player one. Combinations shown are out of a possible combin(52,5)×combin(47,2)×combin(45,2) = 2,781,381,002,400. The primary reason for this page was to assist with bad beat probabilities in a two-player game, for example the Bad Beat Bonus in Ultimate Texas Hold 'Em.

For example, if you wish to know the probability of a particular player getting a full house and losing to a four of a kind, we can see from table 7 that there are 966,835,584 such combinations. The same table shows us that given that player one has a full house, the probability of losing to a four of a kind is 0.013390. To get the probability before any cards are dealt, divide 966,835,584 by the total possible combinations of 2,781,381,002,400, which yields 0.0002403.

Table 1 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has less than a pair.

Table 1 — First Player has Less than Pair

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair 164,934,908,760 0.340569
Pair 228,994,769,160 0.472845
Two pair 43,652,558,880 0.090137
Three of a kind 7,303,757,580 0.015081
Straight 26,248,866,180 0.054201
Flush 13,060,678,788 0.026969
Full house - 0.000000
Four of a kind - 0.000000
Straight flush 85,751,460 0.000177
Royal flush 10,532,592 0.000022
Total 484,291,823,400 1.000000

Table 2 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has a pair.

Table 2 — First Player has a Pair

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair 228,994,769,160 0.187874
Pair 574,484,133,960 0.471324
Two pair 270,127,833,552 0.221621
Three of a kind 47,736,401,832 0.039164
Straight 50,797,137,096 0.041676
Flush 30,076,271,352 0.024675
Full house 15,829,506,000 0.012987
Four of a kind 586,278,000 0.000481
Straight flush 214,250,184 0.000176
Royal flush 25,380,864 0.000021
Total 1,218,871,962,000 1.000000

Table 3 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has a two pair.

Table 3 — First Player has a Two Pair

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair 43,652,558,880 0.066798
Pair 270,127,833,552 0.413355
Two pair 246,286,292,328 0.376872
Three of a kind 31,155,189,408 0.047674
Straight 18,549,991,152 0.028386
Flush 14,200,694,712 0.021730
Full house 28,751,944,680 0.043997
Four of a kind 653,378,400 0.001000
Straight flush 109,829,304 0.000168
Royal flush 12,673,584 0.000019
Total 653,500,386,000 1.000000

Table 4 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has a three of a kind.

Table 4 — First Player has a Three of a Kind

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair 7,303,757,580 0.054369
Pair 47,736,401,832 0.355348
Two pair 31,155,189,408 0.231918
Three of a kind 27,586,332,384 0.205352
Straight 3,310,535,196 0.024643
Flush 2,606,403,900 0.019402
Full house 12,910,316,760 0.096104
Four of a kind 1,705,867,680 0.012698
Straight flush 19,970,844 0.000149
Royal flush 2,304,216 0.000017
Total 134,337,079,800 1.000000

Table 5 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has a straight.

Table 5 — First Player has a Straight

Probability Poker Texas Holdem Rules

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair 26,248,866,180 0.204299
Pair 50,797,137,096 0.395362
Two pair 18,549,991,152 0.144377
Three of a kind 3,310,535,196 0.025766
Straight 25,219,094,136 0.196284
Flush 3,229,836,828 0.025138
Full house 975,510,000 0.007593
Four of a kind 43,198,800 0.000336
Straight flush 98,961,348 0.000770
Royal flush 9,485,064 0.000074
Total 128,482,615,800 1.000000

Table 6 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has a flush.

Table 6 — First Player has a Flush

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair 13,060,678,788 0.155206
Pair 30,076,271,352 0.357410
Two pair 14,200,694,712 0.168754
Three of a kind 2,606,403,900 0.030973
Straight 3,229,836,828 0.038382
Flush 19,608,838,592 0.233021
Full house 1,102,206,960 0.013098
Four of a kind 50,221,200 0.000597
Straight flush 191,762,164 0.002279
Royal flush 23,604,264 0.000281
Total 84,150,518,760 1.000000

Table 7 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has a full house.

Table 7 — First Player has a Full House

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair - 0.000000
Pair 15,829,506,000 0.219222
Two pair 28,751,944,680 0.398185
Three of a kind 12,910,316,760 0.178795
Straight 975,510,000 0.013510
Flush 1,102,206,960 0.015264
Full house 11,661,414,336 0.161499
Four of a kind 966,835,584 0.013390
Straight flush 8,767,440 0.000121
Royal flush 993,600 0.000014
Total 72,207,495,360 1.000000

Probability Poker Hands Texas Hold Em


Table 8 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has a four of a kind.

Table 8 — First Player has a Four of a Kind

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair - 0.000000
Pair 586,278,000 0.125418
Two pair 653,378,400 0.139772
Three of a kind 1,705,867,680 0.364923
Straight 43,198,800 0.009241
Flush 50,221,200 0.010743
Full house 966,835,584 0.206828
Four of a kind 668,375,136 0.142980
Straight flush 390,960 0.000084
Royal flush 44,160 0.000009
Total 4,674,589,920 1.000000

Table 9 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has a straight flush.

Table 9 — First Player has a Straight Flush

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair 85,751,460 0.110699
Pair 214,250,184 0.276582
Two pair 109,829,304 0.141782
Three of a kind 19,970,844 0.025781
Straight 98,961,348 0.127752
Flush 191,762,164 0.247552
Full house 8,767,440 0.011318
Four of a kind 390,960 0.000505
Straight flush 44,354,840 0.057259
Royal flush 596,856 0.000770
Total 774,635,400 1.000000

Table 10 shows the number of combinations for each hand of a second player, given that the first player has a royal flush.

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Table 10 — First Player has a Royal Flush

EventPaysProbability
Less than pair 10,532,592 0.117164
Pair 25,380,864 0.282336
Two pair 12,673,584 0.140981
Three of a kind 2,304,216 0.025632
Straight 9,485,064 0.105512
Flush 23,604,264 0.262573
Full house 993,600 0.011053
Four of a kind 44,160 0.000491
Straight flush 596,856 0.006639
Royal flush 4,280,760 0.047619
Total 89,895,960 1.000000

The following table shows the number of combinations for each hand of player 1 by the winner of the hand.

Table 11 — Winning Player by Hand of Player 1 — Combinations

Player 1WinTieLoss
Less than pair 76,626,795,600 11,681,317,560 395,983,710,240 484,291,823,400
Pair 496,857,988,764 38,757,694,752 683,256,278,484 1,218,871,962,000
Two pair 419,896,266,012 34,054,545,168 199,549,574,820 653,500,386,000
Three of a kind 97,664,829,948 4,647,370,128 32,024,879,724 134,337,079,800
Straight 103,685,076,072 15,662,001,240 9,135,538,488 128,482,615,800
Flush 71,523,195,288 2,910,219,176 9,717,104,296 84,150,518,760
Full house 62,810,500,464 5,179,382,208 4,217,612,688 72,207,495,360
Four of a kind 4,240,864,800 198,204,864 235,520,256 4,674,589,920
Straight flush 734,237,144 35,247,960 5,150,296 774,635,400
Royal flush 85,615,200 4,280,760 - 89,895,960
Total 1,334,125,369,292 113,130,263,816 1,334,125,369,292 2,781,381,002,400

The following table shows the probability for each hand of player 1 by the winner of the hand. The bottom row shows that each player has a 47.97% chance of winning and a 4.07% chance of a tie.

Table 12 — Winning Player by Hand of Player 1 — Probabilities

Player 1 HandPlayer 1TiePlayer 2Total
Less than pair 0.027550 0.004200 0.142369 0.174119
Pair 0.178637 0.013935 0.245654 0.438225
Two pair 0.150967 0.012244 0.071745 0.234955
Three of a kind 0.035114 0.001671 0.011514 0.048299
Straight 0.037278 0.005631 0.003285 0.046194
Flush 0.025715 0.001046 0.003494 0.030255
Full house 0.022582 0.001862 0.001516 0.025961
Four of a kind 0.001525 0.000071 0.000085 0.001681
Straight flush 0.000264 0.000013 0.000002 0.000279
Royal flush 0.000031 0.000002 0.000000 0.000032
Total 0.479663 0.040674 0.479663 1.000000

Written by: Michael Shackleford